1. George Washington's administration maintained a policy of neutrality during the war between France and England.
2. Pinckney's Treaty, also known as the Treaty of San Lorenzo or the Treaty of Madrid, established boundaries between the United States and Spanish Florida and allowed for the free navigation of the Mississippi River.
3. George Washington responded to the Whiskey Rebellion with a show of force, leading an army of 13,000 men to put down the rebellion and reassert federal authority.
4. In his Farewell Address, George Washington warned against the dangers of political parties and foreign entanglements.
5. One idea in George Washington's Farewell Address was the importance of unity and national interest.
6. George Washington's Farewell Address included warnings against political parties, foreign entanglements, and the dangers of debt and inflation.
7. The Alien and Sedition Acts were controversial because they gave the government greater power to deport non-citizens and to silence political opposition through prosecution for sedition.
8. Adams responded to the French seizing American ships by sending a delegation, led by John Marshall, to negotiate with the French government. He also prepared for war, but ultimately the delegation was able to negotiate a peace treaty known as the Convention of 1800.
9. Adams responded to bribery letters from the French by making them public and using them as evidence of French attempts to interfere in American politics, which became a major factor in the XYZ Affair.
10. Alexander Hamilton believed in a strong central government and a national bank.
11. Thomas Jefferson believed in states' rights and a limited central government.
12. The differing views of Hamilton and Jefferson led to the formation of the first political parties in the United States, with Hamilton leading the Federalists and Jefferson leading the Democratic-Republicans.
13. Thomas Jefferson's 1801 inaugural address emphasized the importance of unity and the peaceful transfer of power.
14. The ruling in Marbury v. Madison established the principle of judicial review, giving the Supreme Court the power to declare federal laws unconstitutional.
15. The ruling in McCulloch v. Maryland established the principle of implied powers, giving the federal government the power to pass laws necessary and proper for the execution of its enumerated powers.
16. The ruling in Cohens v. Virginia established the principle of judicial review for state courts, allowing them to declare state laws unconstitutional.
17. The creation of Daniel Boone's Wilderness Road opened the western frontier for settlement and played an important role in westward expansion.
18. The Louisiana Purchase more than doubled the size of the United States and opened new land for settlement and economic opportunities.
19. The Lewis and Clark Expedition explored the newly acquired Louisiana Territory and opened up the American West for further exploration, trade, and settlement.
20. Native Americans were moved to Indian Territory in the 19th century as part of government policies aimed at forcibly relocating Indigenous peoples from their ancestral lands to make way for European-American settlement.
What was Washington's response to France and England war?The response that the former president of the United States had to the war at the time that it took place was that of neutrality. He did not want the nation which was still struggling to find its feet to start engaging in foreign wars.
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Which steps did the Hoover administration take to fight the early challenges of the Great Depression
The Emergency Relief Construction Act, which Hoover signed into law in July 1932, gave the RFC permission to lend the states $300 million for relief initiatives and $1.5 billion for infrastructure projects.
After the stock market crash, President Hoover aimed to stop the economy from spiraling into panic. He invited businessmen to the White House in November, where he obtained commitments from them to keep salaries stable.
1) In order to coordinate state and local relief efforts and devise strategies for boosting private sector employment, Hoover established the President's Emergency Committee for Employment (PECE) in October 1930 as unemployment continued to rise. As the Depression deepened, Hoover asked the Federal Reserve to expand credit and convinced Congress to give the Red Cross control of agricultural surpluses from the Federal Farm Board so that they might be distributed to aid organizations. Hoover continued to urge states and private enterprises to create new jobs while requesting additional funding for public works from Congress.
2) Early in 1931, economic conditions began to recover, but a string of European bank failures sent new shockwaves across the American economy, resulting in more job losses. Nearly every program Hoover offered was attacked. His job-creating public works projects were criticized as being wasteful government spending. Instead of requesting that Congress establish federal assistance programs, his efforts to promote local relief organizations were seen as showing a callous indifference for the unemployed.
The Emergency Relief Construction Act, which Hoover signed into law in July 1932, gave the RFC permission to lend the states $300 million for relief initiatives and $1.5 billion for infrastructure projects. In order to prevent individuals from losing their houses, Hoover also succeeded in convincing Congress to create Federal Home Loan Banks.
3) Between the election and Roosevelt's inauguration, four long months passed. The economic indicators that had seemed so optimistic in the summer of 1932 trended down, unemployment increased, and bank failures increased alarmingly. When weak banks closed, anxious depositors started taking money out of even the strongest banks, but Congress failed to implement Hoover's plans to calm the panic. Roosevelt took office on March 4, 1933, with the banking system on the verge of collapse and unemployment at 25%. The Emergency Banking Relief Act, which stopped the panic and restored trust in the financial system within days, was nearly identical to the legislation Hoover had proposed just weeks earlier and was enacted by Congress and signed into law by FDR. Despite all of Roosevelt's "New Deal" efforts, the Depression lingered for a further seven years before World War II helped revive the economy by increasing demand for goods and supplies for the war effort.
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Why were some Indians happy with these changes? Why were others disappointed?
Many annuity payments were never made to the tribes because of government corruption, leaving some reservations in dire straits and on the verge of starvation.
What does corruption mean in plain English?The economist Ian Senior described corruption as the hidden provision of a service or product to a third party in order to influence decisions that are in the best interests of the corrupt, the third party, or both.
What causes corruption primarily?1) The bureaucracy tradition; 2) The level of public spending; 3) The penalty systems; 4) Institutional controls; 5) The clarity of rules, laws, & processes; 6) Some of the factors impacting the supply of wrongdoings are the leadership's role models.
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During the Berlin Conference or Scramble for Africa, Europeans divided Africa amongst themselves according to:
A) The location mountains and rivers.
B) population density in an area
C) African tribal boundaries
D)European convenience
Answer:
C) African tribal boundaries
Explanation:
During the Berlin Conference or Scramble for Africa, Europeans divided Africa amongst themselves by arbitrarily drawing up borders, creating a hodgepodge of colonial holdings, and disregarding the cultural and linguistic boundaries already established by the indigenous African population. This led to the creation of 50 countries in Africa by 1914.
Who did America put in internment camps?
America put in internment camps because of the Fearful of threats to homeland security.
Executive Order 9066 was issued on February 19, 1942, by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The relocation of "any or all persons" from regions of the nation deemed vulnerable to attack or sabotage was permitted under his decree.
Nearly 120,000 Japanese and Japanese Americans—two-thirds of whom were citizens of the United States—were evicted from their homes and places of commerce. The majority had little advance notification before being moved. For long to four years, they were detained in segregated detention camps.
A total of 1,600 Italians and almost 11,000 Germans were detained; many of them were incarcerated.
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Which factor contributed most to Andrew Jackson's election in 1828?
A. His reputation as an experienced politician with elite connections
B. Public opposition to the formation of a national bank
C. Changes in laws that made all white men eligible to vote
D. His efforts to convince Congress to pass the Indian Removal Act
Answer:
Changes in laws that made all white men eligible to vote
Explanation:
Andrew Jackson was elected as President of the United States in 1828, and one of the major factors that contributed to his election was the changes in voting laws that made all white men eligible to vote. Prior to these changes, only property-owning white men were allowed to vote, which meant that many working-class and poor white men were excluded from the franchise.
The expansion of the franchise to all white men was a significant development that played a major role in Andrew Jackson's election. Many of the newly enfranchised white men supported Jackson, who was seen as a champion of ordinary people and a defender of states' rights.
What wa the continuity and change over time in the live of African American 1865-1900
From 1865 to 1900, African Americans experienced both continuity and change in their lives.
Continuity:
The majority of African Americans continued to live in poverty and faced discrimination. They are denied access to education, jobs, and political rights and face racial violence and segregation.The majority of African Americans continued to work in the low-wage farm and domestic work.Many African Americans continued to live in the South, subject to the discriminatory practices of Jim Crow laws.Change:
The abolition of slavery made a huge difference in the lives of African Americans. They were legally free to move, marry and own property. African Americans began to migrate north and west, where their educational and job opportunities increased.As the civil rights movement began to gain momentum, African Americans began organizing and fighting for their rights. African Americans have started forming their own communities, businesses, and organizations. African Americans began to gain political power and representation through the rise of the Republican Party and the election of African American politicians.Overall, African Americans experienced significant changes in their legal status during this period, with the end of slavery, but still faced significant economic, social, and political discrimination.
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Why did Kennedy and Johnson want Asians and Eastern Europeans to see the US as a "land of opportunity"?
Kennedy and Johnson want Asians and Eastern Europeans to view the US as a "land of opportunity" because it offers more prospects for freedom and prosperity than communist countries, which are ruled by authoritarian regimes.
What is 1965 Immigration Act?The 89th United States Congress enacted and President Lyndon B. Johnson signed into law the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, often known as the Hart-Celler Act and more subsequently as the 1965 Immigration Act.
The statute did away with the National Origins Formula, which had served as the cornerstone of American immigration law since the 1920s. De facto discrimination against Southern and Eastern Europeans, Asians, other non-Western, and Northern European ethnic groups was eliminated by the act from American immigration policy.
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What is the role of the secretary of state? to represent the country in legal matters to plan responses to national security issues to approve presidential appointments to negotiate with foreign countries
The role of the secretary of state is to negotiate with foreign countries. Option D is correct.
What are the duties of the Secretary of State?This professional, who will be appointed by the President and the Senate, will have fundamental skills in dealing with the country's foreign relations, that is, negotiating, managing foreign policies and managing relations with foreign countries.
Therefore, the Secretary of State, through the Department of State, has the task of developing the country's foreign service, being the President's adviser in such matters.
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Has the role of the individual been the main factor in developing the treatment of disease in Britain? Explain your answer with reference to the role of the individual and other factors. Use a range of examples from c1000 to the present day.
Answer:
The role of the individual has been an important factor in developing the treatment of disease in Britain, but it is not the only factor.
Explanation:
For example, from c1000 to the present day, advances in medical and scientific research, new government legislation, changes in understanding about the human body, and reform of housing, health and education have all contributed to transforming the lives and health of people throughout Britain. Additionally, the development of public health agencies and institutions, and the creation of the NHS in the 1940s, have been instrumental in improving the treatment of disease in Britain.
What did the colonists form in 1774?
The First Continental Congress.was formed by colonists in 1774. The Association of 1774, which asked the colonies to forgo using British goods and to establish committees to uphold this prohibition, was one of the Congress's accomplishments.
Between September 5 until October 26, 1774, the First Continental Congress met in Carpenters' Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Twelve of Britain's thirteen American colonies sent representatives to a meeting to assess the country's future in the face of increasing British aggressiveness.
Delegates from the colonies gathered in 1774 to form the First Continental Congress in response to the British government's Intolerable Acts, a set of regulations enacted after the colonies objected to higher taxes. The Second Continental Congress met in 1775, far into the Revolutionary War.
The first Continental Congress of the United States convened on September 5, 1774, in Philadelphia to discuss how to respond to restrictions on trade and representative government imposed by the British government in the wake of the Boston Tea Party.
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What were 5 Reasons World War 2 began?
Answer:
1. The Treaty of Versailles and the German desire for revenge
2. Economic downturns
3. Nazi ideology and Lebensraum
4. The rise of extremism and the forging of alliances
5. The failure of appeasement
Explanation:
why was quaid e azam called an ambassador of the hindu muslim unity
Answer: Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah was called the ambassador of Hindu Muslim unity because of his commitment to promote religious harmony and cooperation between Hindus and Muslims. He was strongly in favor of a unified India, and worked hard to bridge the differences between the two communities.
Which of the following arguments would most likely compel a smaller state to ratify the Constitution
The Constitution establishes a Senate in which each state, regardless of size, is granted two officials chosen by the state legislature would most likely compel a smaller state to ratify the Constitution.
The United States Constitution is the only valid legal document in the country. In 1789, it replaced the country's original constitution, the Articles of Confederation. It defines the national framework and governmental restraints in its original seven articles.The three main branches of the federal government and their respective authority are described in the Constitution. Additionally, it outlines the fundamental laws that control the U.S. federal government. The Western world now recognizes it as a key legal document and the oldest written national constitution still in force.To learn more about the constitution here
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What opportunities did the war provide to women that they did not enjoy before?
World War II afforded American women significant opportunities to work in industries that had never been open to them previously, particularly in the defense industry.
Women in World War II?Undoubtedly, the most important and influential event of the 20th century was World War II.
The destruction is virtually beyond calculation; the number of military and civilian fatalities is estimated to be between 70 and 85 million, or around 3% of the world's population at the time.
The nuclear era also began during World War II.
Germany gave up on May 8, 1945. On September 2, 1945, Japan submitted to the Allies and the Second World War came to an end when the atomic bombs were detonated on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
Particularly in the defense sector, World War II gave American women tremendous chances to work in fields that had never before been accessible to them.
Finding suitable childcare during working hours and overcoming cultural preconceptions against working women were obstacles for women.
Therefore, World War II afforded American women significant opportunities to work in industries that had never been open to them previously, particularly in the defense industry.
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describe the efforts and successes of the Germans in the development of rockets during WWii
Answer:
During World War II, the Germans made significant advancements in rocket technology, developing the world's first large-scale liquid-propellant rocket vehicle, the V-2.
Explanation:
This revolutionary breakthrough in rocket and missile technology had a range of over 300 miles and was able to reach speeds of up to 3,500 mph. The Germans also developed the world's first operational ballistic missile, the A-4, which was later renamed the V-2. The V-2 was used by the Germans to launch over 3,000 missiles against targets in England and Europe.
In your opinion, what is the reason for the popularity of Greek Mythology in this age of science and technology? What is so enduring or infectious about Greek mythology that we cannot stay away from them? Can you provide some examples of specific Greek Myths that have inspired YOU or continue to affect people in the age of hard science and technology when all these stories are so remote from our experience? (250 words)
ANSWER:
The popularity of Greek Mythology in a world of science and technology is the reflection of humanity that is played out in the written story for the reader to picture and question. Today, when everything seems difficult, convoluted, and in some ways easy. Losing oneself in a heroic and triumphant myth is an escape into a different time when it seemed aspects of life more interesting. In addition, the Greek myths being written with a moral or lesson instilled into the words on the page, teaching about the basics of humanity. The allure of being a witness to an adventure that will end in ultimate success or failure makes the world more black and white, instead of the shades of grey that are ever present. A Greek Myth the continues to effect people in the age of science and technology is about Perseus and Medusa. One part of this story that stands out the most is the when Perseus is given specific instructions not to look at Medusa but curiosity and interest change these instructions. A perfect portrayal of humanities need for answers, trouble, and decision making skills are on display. While reading this story the reader is wondering the reason for breaking instructions but at the same time every person has not listened to advice or instructions, a reflection of the reader in the myth. Another Greek Myth that is a reflection of humanity and humanities need for escape is Daedalus and Icarus. Daedalus created a pair of wings that allows himself and his son (Icarus) to fly. Icarus took these wings and flew too close to the sun after ignoring Daedalus instructions not to, Icarus fell into the see meeting his death. An interpretation of this myth, is the danger the humans seek for adventure and excitement that in the end fail or harm another person. A representation the pride and hubris of human kinds believing they know better.
We can say that the reason for the popularity of Greek mythology in this age of science and technology is the influence of human beings on the environment.
How do Greek myths relate to current science and technology?We can make an analogy to the fact that Greek myths overestimated the fury of nature in relation to human attitudes, punishing them with natural phenomena, such as floods, storms and destruction when human beings acted contrary to the laws of nature.
We can relate today to Greek myths by the fact that we perceive the irreversible effects of human actions caused in nature, affecting rivers, seas, air and forests.
Therefore, it is necessary that we do a self-reflection on the need to preserve the environment, which is a responsibility of the citizens, the company and the government of a place.
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What does the final scene in Animal Farm represent in the Russian Revolution?
The conclusion also asserts that political power is always the same, regardless of who holds it or the ideology put out to support it.
Whether they are communists or capitalists, pigs or humans, powerful individuals are ruthless and self-centered. Above all, the conclusion implies that all people in positions of authority are liars and manipulators.
Real-life occurrences are also used to illustrate the play's major scenes. For instance, during the Russian revolutions, animalism stood in for communism. The February Revolution of 1918 was symbolised by the animal uprising against the farmer.
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Jefferson Davis stated in his inaugural address, ". It is the right of the people to alter or abolish a government when it becomes destructive of the ends for which it was established. " What are Davis's views on secession?
He believed states could not secede
He believed states could take a break from the government but not secede
He believed states had to remain part of the Union
He believed states had the right to secede from the federal government
In his inauguration address, Jefferson Davis said that "the people have the right to change or overthrow a government."
What does the phrase "inaugural meeting" mean?The first gathering of a new agency or the debut speech made by a senior leader of a group or a nation is known as an opening session or address. The President made a call for cooperation in his inauguration address. Alternatives include first, initial, and maiden. Additional words for inaugural Advanced Learner's Dictionary by Collins COBUILD...
What is the use of inaugural?The word "inaugural" is frequently used to refer to official events and objects that are associated to them, such as major initiative and inaugural committees. Also often
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Answer:
the answer is b
Explanation:
it says Upon the consent of the governed so they could not leave (secess) if they didnt get permision from goverment
2. What type of boundary on the map separates Nicaragua from Costa Rica and Honduras?
a) state boundary
b) international boundary
c) department boundary
d) railroad boundary
The Honduras-Nicaragua border is the approximately 950 km long international border between Honduras and Nicaragua, stretching from Fonseca Bay in the Pacific Ocean to the Caribbean Sea. The Coco River, which flows generally northeast into the Caribbean, makes up more than half of the border.
The required details for Honduras-Nicaragua border in given paragraph
Honduras and Nicaragua were part of the Central American Federation and the United Provinces of Central America, respectively . Between 1823 and 1838, these federations dissolved and the two nations became independent and defined their own borders. The Honduran sovereign territory declaring “Territory in Dispute” almost sparked a war between the two countries.
The territory was claimed by Nicaragua, but Honduras thought the case closed in 1906 when King Alfonso XIII's arbitration. of Spain granted him the territory.
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Which item best completes this list?
Elements of the Western Economy
Agriculture
Manufacturing
Some slave labor
?
Elements of the Western Economy are Natural Resources, Agriculture, Some Slave Labor and Manufacturing.so correct answer is Manufacturing.
Natural resources: What are they?Resources that are derived from nature and used largely unaltered are known as natural resources. This comprises the origins of desirable traits, such as their utility for commerce and industry, aesthetic worth, scientific curiosity, and cultural significance. Natural resources include sand, stone, metals, oil, coal, and natural gas. Other natural resources include air, sunlight, soil, and water. Because they are used to sustain life and fulfill human needs, natural resources are valued.To naturally occurring land areas, soil supplies nutrients, water, oxygen, and heat.
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What was the significance of Korematsu v United States ?
Korematsu, an American citizen by birth, fought for his rights.
He pursued his case all the way to the US Supreme Court, which disproved his assertion that racial prejudice was to blame for the relocation of Japanese Americans during the War.
American (1944) | PBS. The Supreme Court ruled in Korematsu v. United States that the internment of American citizens of Japanese origin during World War II was permissible.
After being detained, Korematsu was found guilty of disobeying the ruling. In his reply, he claimed that because habeas corpus had not been suspended and his right to liberty was being violated by military action without due process of law, Executive Order 9066 was in violation of the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution.
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What is the difference between public and municipal?
Municipal golf courses are those that are owned and/or operated by a city, municipality, or county. Individuals, partnerships, corporations, real estate development firms, and other legal entities all own public golf courses. One organization may own and operate public golf courses.
What function does municipal serve?
A municipality must: (a) structure and manage its administration, budgeting, and planning procedures to prioritize meeting the basic requirements of the community and to foster its social and economic development; and (b) take part in national and provincial development initiatives.
What authority does the city have?
Like an individual or private organization, municipalities have some basic legal authority.
Municipalities have the authority to offer and recoup the costs of any service they deem essential or desirable as public service providers. Additionally, municipalities are able to impose property taxes and govern both people and property.
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In 1841-42, thomas wilson dorr agitated for electoral reform and led an insurrection in what state?
a. Pennsylvania
b. Virginia
c. New York
d. Rhode Island
e. South Carolina
The correct option is d. Rhode Island; Thomas Wilson Dorr spearheaded an uprising in Rhode Island in 1842-142 while advocating for election reform.
Define the term Dorr rebellion?The "Dorr Rebellion" in Rhode Island in 1842 led to the 1849 U.S. Supreme Court judgement known as Luther v. Borden.
Rhode Island held two governors plus two legislatures with in spring of 1842.
The ancient colonial charter, although severely restricted the right to vote, was determined to remain the state's constitution by one government. Northwestern Rhode Island was taken over by the other administration, which allowed allowed white manhood suffrage and was governed by Thomas W. Dorr. Military action was finally taken by the Dorr government, but its effort to seize a state armoury was failed. The far more conservative government meanwhile enacted martial law. A dispute-related lawsuit made it all the way to the Supreme Court.Thus, Thomas Wilson Dorr spearheaded an uprising in Rhode Island in 1842-142 while advocating for election reform.
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What role did blacks have in the southern governments established under congressional Reconstruction
Black people established Equal Rights Leagues all over the South and conducted state and local conventions during the congressional Reconstruction to protest prejudice and seek the right to vote as well as equality before the law.
The Reconstruction Act of 1867 led to the installation of Republican governments in the South, giving blacks for the first time in American history a meaningful share of political power. These governments worked to further the region's economic growth while also establishing the first public school systems and civil rights legislation.
During Reconstruction, African Americans held positions in almost every level of government, including those of state and local officials as well as members of Congress. Their occupation of high office served as a metaphor of the political upheaval caused by Reconstruction.
The Reconstruction Act, which Congress passed in 1867, forbade Southern states from limiting the right to vote on the basis of race.
Three black people—an artisan, a middle-class person, and a soldier—are shown in this engraving waiting in line to cast their votes.
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Who did Germany pay reparations to after ww1?
Over the following four years, American banks continued to lend Germany enough money to enable it to fulfill its reparation obligations to nations like France and the United Kingdom.
What price did Germany bear after World War One?The Treaty of Versailles requested 132 billion gold marks ($269 billion) in reparations for the entire war, not just Germany's role in it.
Who did Germany make reparations to?The four winning nations—France, Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union—were to receive reparations directly, with the Soviet Union deciding how much would go to the nations under its sphere of influence.
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what was one major outcome of decolonization in the 20th century?
Answer:
Instability of the post-colonial political systems
Explanation:
What was one major consequence of 20th century decolonization? One of the most significant effects of decolonization is the instability of the post-colonial political systems, which involves another, far-reaching consequences.
Who of the following formally introduces a bill to Congress?
a lobbyist
b citizen
c judge
D sponsor
Why did the government choose these locations for internment camps?
Because it would help with the initial issue, the authorities decided to set up internment camps in less populated areas. From cities to the countryside, they were luxurious slums.
What are internment camps?At least 125,284 persons of Japanese heritage were forcibly deported and imprisoned by the United States during World War II at 75 distinct internment camps.In internment camps in the country's western interior, the majority of them resided on the Pacific Coast.The majority of the prisoners—about two-thirds—were Americans. The president of the United States, Franklin D. Roosevelt, ordered these moves shortly after Imperial Japan attacked Pearl Harbor.112,000 of the 127,000 Japanese prisoners who were residing on American soil at the time of the Pearl Harbor assault did so on the West Coast. Nisei and Sansei, the Nisei's offspring, numbered around 80,000.The remainder were internment camps that were born in Japan and were therefore not eligible to obtain American citizenship.To learn more internment camps about from the given link
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research and explain the steps to legally immigrate to America today.
No links
Need this ASAP
Answer:
The steps to legally immigrate to the United States today include:
Explanation:
1) Determine Eligibility - Determine whether you are eligible to apply for a green card based on family relationship, employment, or another category.
2) Collect Documents - Gather your documents, such as birth certificates, passports, and marriage certificates.
3) Fill Out Forms - Complete the relevant forms, including the Application to Register Permanent Residence or Adjust Status (Form I-485) and the Application for Employment Authorization (Form I-765).
4) Pay Fees - Pay the applicable fees, such as the filing fee and biometrics fee.
5) Submit Application - Submit your application, documents, and fees to the USCIS.
6) Attend Interview - Attend an in-person interview with a USCIS officer. 7) Receive Decision - Receive a decision from the USCIS on your application.
8) Receive Green Card - Receive your green card, if approved.
Explain the reasons for the rise of the Netherlands as a leading commercial power in the period 1550-1650
The Netherlands gained from trade as well as an unheard-of industrial revolution propelled by peat, wind, and water, as well as from the reclamation of land from the sea and an agricultural renaissance.
Along with trade, the Dutch economy benefited from an unprecedented industrial revolution driven by wind, water, and peat, as well as from the restoration of land from the sea and an agricultural renaissance, which enabled the country to have the best level of living in Europe.
After the conflict with Spain ended in 1648, Dutch trade with that nation also boomed. The Dutch were able to seize control of much of the trade with the fledgling English possessions in North America.
A combination of political, economic, and military forces contributed to Dutch triumph. In terms of politics, the Netherlands was the sole country in Europe at the time to have a republican system of governance rather than an absolute monarchy.
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