phonetics
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The characteristics of human speech are: (a)
(b)
(c)​

phonetics

Language

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To learn more about phonemes, see Phonology. For a method of teaching reading and writing, see Fonika. For other uses, see Phonetics (disambiguation).

Phonetics is an area of linguistics that studies how people create and perceive sounds or, in the case of sign languages, the equivalent aspects of a sign. [1] Phoneticists - linguists who specialize in phonetics - study the physical properties of speech. The field of phonetics is traditionally divided into three sub-disciplines based on research questions, such as how to plan and execute movements to produce speech (articulation phonetics), how different movements affect the properties of the sound produced (acoustic phonetics), or how people transform sound waves into information linguistic (auditory phonetics). Traditionally, the minimum linguistic unit of phonetics is the telephone - the sound of speech in language - which is different from the phonological unit of a phoneme; a phoneme is an abstract categorization of phones.

Phonetics is broadly concerned with two aspects of human speech: production - the way people make sounds - and perception - the way we understand speech. The communicative modality of a language describes the method by which language produces and perceives languages. Languages with an oro-auditory modality, such as English, produce oral speech (using the mouth) and pick up speech auditory (using the ears). Sign languages such as Auslan and ASL have a manual-visual modality, producing speech by hand (using the hands) and perceiving speech visually (using the eyes). ASL and some other sign languages additionally have a hand-held dialect for use in tactile snapshots by deaf-blind speakers, where the signs are produced with the hands and also perceived with the hands.

Language formation consists of several interdependent processes that transform a non-linguistic message into a spoken or signed language signal. Once the message to be linguistically coded has been identified, the speaker must select individual words - known as lexical elements - to present that message through a process called lexical selection. In phonological coding, the mental representation of words is assigned their phonological content in the form of a sequence of phonemes for production. Phonemes are specified for articulation features that denote specific targets, such as a closed mouth or tongue in a specific place. These phonemes are then coordinated into a sequence of muscle commands that can be sent to the muscles, and when these commands are performed correctly, the intended sounds are produced.

These movements disrupt and modify the airflow, resulting in a sound wave. Modification is performed by articulators, with different places and methods of articulation, giving different acoustic results. For example, tack and sack begin with ridge sounds in English but differ in the distance of the tongue from the ridge of the ridge. This difference has a great influence on the airflow and therefore on the sound produced. Likewise, the direction and source of the air flow can affect the sound. The most common airflow mechanism is pulmonary flow - which makes use of the lungs - but the glottis and tongue can also be used to create airstreams.

Language perception is the process by which a linguistic signal is decoded and understood by the listener. To receive speech, a continuous acoustic signal must be converted into discrete linguistic units such as phonemes, morphemes and words. To correctly identify and categorize sounds, listeners prioritize certain aspects of the signal that can reliably distinguish between language categories. While certain clues take precedence over others, many aspects of the signal can contribute to perception. For example, although spoken languages prioritize acoustic information, the McGurk effect shows that visual information is used to distinguish ambiguous information when the acoustic cues are unreliable.

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He invented several of the tools now used to practice astronomy.

He made many new observations about the natural world and also invented new ways of studying science.

He focused on art, inventing new painting and sculptural styles.

He learned that the eye worked differently than people believed at the time.

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b) states an argument's position
c) describes an argument's examples
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The Grand Canyon has been a well-known destination since before the 1890s. However, its journey to becoming a national park did not happen right away. Though settlers had been traveling to the canyon for decades, the first high-profile visit occurred in 1903. At that time, President Roosevelt visited the canyon for the first time. After viewing the canyon, he spoke about the awe he felt. He stated that it should be protected, so that every American could visit it one day. Even though Roosevelt talked about the importantce of protecting the park, it was still not named as a national park.

It was not until 1906 that Roosevelt created the Grand Canyon Preserve. Then, in 1908 he created the Grand Canyon National Monument. This told Americans that the park was of cultural importantce to the country. Though the first Senate bills to make the Grand Canyon a national park were in 1882 and 1886, other bills followed in 1910 and 1911. It was not until February 1919 that the Grand Canyon was officially named a national park. The Grand Canyon National Park Act was finally signed in 1919 by President Woodrow Wilson.

The naming of the Grand Canyon as a national park is known as an early conservation effort. Some people had been hoping to create a man-made dam in the Colorado River within the park. However, they could not build the dam because the area was protected. The borders of the park expanded in 1975. During this year, the Marble Canyon National Monument became a part of the Grand Canyon National Park. Finally, in 1979, the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) named the park a World Heritage Site. By becoming a World Heritage Site, the Grand Canyon National Park became protected by international law.

Select a detail from the text that demonstrates the overall text structure.

A. He stated that it should be protected, so that every American could visit it one day.
B. However, its journey to becoming a national park did not happen right away.
C. Some people had been hoping to create a man-made dam in the Colorado River within the park.
D. Though settlers had been traveling to the canyon for decades, the first high-profile visit occurred in 1903.

When Anne recounts the story of Mrs. van Daan and Mr. Dussel attacking her, why does she wait to introduce her reflection at the end of the story?
to show that she is right
to keep from interrupting the narrative
to show that Mr. Dussel doesn't understand her
to indicate Mrs. van Daan's ignorance

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Riding a Bicycle
It was a bright Sunday morning when Belle woke up with the biggest smile on her face. She had been looking forward to this day for a long time.
Her father was going to teach her to ride a bicycle. She dressed quickly and gulped down her breakfast.
After breakfast, Belle's father showed her the different parts of a bike. Then he said he would hold onto the back of the bike while she peddled.
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His words gave Belle the determination to keep going.
After several more failed tries, Belle finally got the hang of it. She began gently peddling by herself, beaming with pride. She had finally done it!
That night, she went to bed with a couple of bruises and cuts. But she had an even bigger smile on her face than she'd had in the morning, she
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Underline the verb or verb phrase in each sentence. Write the verb tense on the line.
1. Find the verb in this sentence.
2. Erica will leave at noon.
3. Cassie read several books last summer.
4. Henri will probably go to Montana in March.
5. Yesterday Juan walked to the lake.
6. Has Hans called yet?
7. Mai had finished her work by noon.
8. Wilson will have probably gone by now.
9. Will you pass the butter, Nora?
10. Silvia worked very hard on the project.
11. At last, Nathan has arrived at the party.
12. Tomorrow, Aponi will be sixteen years old.

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